Artikel 22

22.1 § 1 Space stations shall be fitted with devices to ensure immediate cessation of their radio emissions by telecommand, whenever such cessation is required under the provisions of these Regulations.
22.2 § 2 1) Non-geostationary-satellite systems shall not cause unacceptable interference to and, unless otherwise specified in these Regulations, shall not claim protection from geostationary- satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service and the broadcasting-satellite service operating in accordance with these Regulations. No. 5.43A does not apply in this case. (WRC-07)
22.3 2) Whenever the emissions from geostationary satellites in the inter-satellite service are directed towards space stations at distances from Earth greater than that of the geostationary-satellite orbit, the boresight of the antenna mainbeam of the geostationary satellite shall not be pointed within 15° of any point on the geostationary-satellite orbit.
22.4 § 3 In the frequency band 29.95-30 GHz space stations in the Earth exploration- satellite service on board geostationary satellites and operating with space stations in the same service on board non-geostationary satellites shall have the following restriction:
Whenever the emissions from the geostationary satellites are directed towards the geostationary-satellite orbit and cause unacceptable interference to any geostationary-satellite space system in the fixed-satellite service, these emissions shall be reduced to a level at or less than accepted interference.
22.5 § 4 In the frequency band 8 025-8 400 MHz, which the Earth exploration-satellite service using non-geostationary satellites shares with the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space) or the meteorological-satellite service (Earth-to-space), the maximum power flux-density produced at the geostationary-satellite orbit by any Earth exploration-satellite service space station shall not exceed −174 dB(W/m2) in any 4 kHz band.
22.5A § 5 In the frequency band 6 700-7 075 MHz, the maximum aggregate power flux-density produced at the geostationary-satellite orbit and within ±5° of inclination around the geostationary-satellite orbit by a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service shall not exceed −168 dB(W/m2) in any 4 kHz band. The maximum aggregate power flux-density shall be calculated in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R S.1256-0. (WRC-15)
22.5B (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5C § 6 1) The equivalent power flux-density135), epfd↓, at any point on the Earth’s surface visible from the geostationary-satellite orbit, produced by emissions from all the space stations of a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E, including emissions from a reflecting satellite, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E for the given percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions, into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E, for all pointing directions towards the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-03)
135)22.5C.1 The equivalent power flux-density is defined as the sum of the power flux-densities produced at a geostationary-satellite system receive station on the Earth’s surface or in the geostationary orbit, as appropriate, by all the transmit stations within a non-geostationary-satellite system, taking into account the off-axis discrimination of a reference receiving antenna assumed to be pointing in its nominal direction. The equivalent power flux-density is calculated using the following formula:
where:
Na: number of transmit stations in the non-geostationary-satellite system that are visible from the geostationary- satellite system receive station considered on the Earth's surface or in the geostationary orbit, as appropriate
i: index of the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Pi: RF power at the input of the antenna of the transmit station, considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system (dBW) in the reference bandwidth
θi: off-axis angle between the boresight of the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system and the direction of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
Gt(θi): transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) of the station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system in the direction of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
di: distance (m) between the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system and the geostationary-satellite system receive station
φi: off-axis angle between the boresight of the antenna of the geostationary-satellite system receive station and the direction of the i-th transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Gr(φi): receive antenna gain (as a ratio) of the geostationary-satellite system receive station in the direction of the i-th transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Gr,max: maximum gain (as a ratio) of the antenna of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
epfd: computed equivalent power flux-density (dB(W/m2)) in the reference bandwidth. (WRC-2000)
22.5CA 2) The limits given in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E may be exceeded on the territory of any country whose administration has so agreed (see also Resolution 140 (Rev.WRC-23)). (WRC-23)
1)2.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.3 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plan of Appendix 30B will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5C.4 In addition to the limits shown in Table 22-1A, the following single-entry epfd↓ limits apply to all antenna sizes greater than 60 cm in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-1A:
4)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd↓ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
5)22.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
12.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
222.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd↓ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
322.5C.7 A non-geostationary-satellite system shall meet the limits of this Table in both the 40 kHz and the 1 MHz reference bandwidths. (WRC-2000)
422.5C.13 In Region 2, a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service shall meet the limits of this table for the 17.3-17.7 GHz band with respect to geostationary-satellite systems in the broadcasting-satellite service and shall utilize the reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3. (WRC-23)
522.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
1)2.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd↓ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5C.7 A non-geostationary-satellite system shall meet the limits of this Table in both the 40 kHz and the 1 MHz reference bandwidths. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
1)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd↓ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.8 For broadcasting-satellite service antenna diameters 180 cm, 240 cm and 300 cm, in addition to the single- entry limits shown in Table 22-1D, the following single-entry 100% of the time epfd↓ limits also apply in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-1D:
3)22.5C.9 For a broadcasting-satellite service earth station antenna diameter of 240 cm, in addition to the single-entry 100% of the time epfd↓ limit specified in No. 22.5C.8 to this Table, a single-entry 100% of the time operational epfd↓ limit is specified in Table 22-4C. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5C.10 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plans of Appendix 30 will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
5)22.5C.11 For this Table, reference patterns of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the broadcasting-satellite service. (WRC-15)
1)22.5C.12 The associated reference radiation pattern is defined as follows:
22.5D 3) The equivalent power flux-density136)22.5D.1 See No. 22.5C.1. (WRC-2000), epfd↑ produced at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit by emissions from all the earth stations in a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-2, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Table 22-2 for the specified percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions, into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Table 22-2, for all pointing directions towards the Earth’s surface visible from any given location in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-2000)
1)22.5D.2 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plans of Appendices 30A and 30B will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5D.3 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. For the case of Ls = −10, the values a = 1.83 and b = 6.32 shall be used in the equations in Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 for single-feed circular beams. In all cases of Ls, the parabolic main beam equation shall start at zero. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5D.4 This epfd↑ level also applies to the frequency band 17.3-17.8 GHz to protect broadcasting-satellite service feeder links in Region 2 from non-geostationary fixed-satellite service Earth-to-space transmissions in Regions 1 and 3. (WRC-2000)
22.5E (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5F 4) The equivalent power flux-density137)22.5F.1 See No. 22.5C.1. (WRC-2000), epfdis, produced at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit by emissions from all the space stations in a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-3, including emissions from a reflecting satellite, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Table 22-3 for the specified percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Table 22-3, for all pointing directions towards the Earth’s surface visible from any given location in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-2000)
122.5F.2 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the feeder-link Plans of Appendix 30A will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
222.5F.4 A non-geostationary-satellite system operating in Region 1 or 2, at any position in the orbit, shall meet the limits of this table for the 17.3-17.7 GHz band with respect to a receiving space station in the broadcasting-satellite feeder link of Appendix 30A, in all three Regions. (WRC-23)
322.5F.3 In this Table, the reference pattern of Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. In applying the equations of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4, the parabolic main beam equation shall start at zero. (WRC-2000)
22.5G (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5H 5) The limits specified in Nos. 22.5C (except for Table 22-1E) to 22.5D (except for Table 22-2 for the frequency band 5 925-6 725 MHz) and 22.5F apply to non-geostationary- satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, has been received by the Bureau after 22 November 1997. The limits specified in Table 22-1E and those specified in Table 22-2 for the frequency band 5 925-6 725 MHz apply to non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service for which complete notification information has been received by the Bureau after 5 July 2003. The limits in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1 and 22-4B do not apply to non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed- satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, has been received by the Bureau before 22 November 1997. (WRC-19)
22.5I 6) An administration operating a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed- satellite service which is in compliance with the limits in Nos. 22.5C, 22.5D and 22.5F shall be considered as having fulfilled its obligations under No. 22.2 with respect to any geostationary-satellite network, irrespective of the dates of receipt by the Bureau of the complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, for the non-geostationary-satellite system and the geostationary-satellite network, provided that the epfd↓ radiated by the non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed- satellite service into any operating geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station does not exceed the operational and additional operational limits given in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1 and 22-4B, when the diameter of the earth station antenna is equal to the values given in Table 22-4A or 22-4A1, or the gain of the earth station is equal to or greater than the values given in Table 22-4B for the corresponding orbital inclination of the geostationary fixed-satellite service satellite. Except as otherwise agreed between concerned administrations, an administration operating a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service that is subject to the limits in Nos. 22.5C, 22.5D and 22.5F and which radiates epfd↓ into any operating geostationary fixed- satellite service earth station at levels in excess of the operational or additional operational limits given in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1 and 22-4B, when the diameter of the earth station antenna is equal to the values given in Table 22-4A or 22-4A1, or the gain of the earth station is equal to or greater than the values given in Table 22-4B for the corresponding orbital inclination of the geostationary fixed- satellite service satellite, shall be considered to be in violation of its obligations under No. 22.2, and the provisions of Article 15 (Section V) apply. In addition, administrations are encouraged to use the relevant ITU-R Recommendations to determine whether such a violation has occurred. (WRC-19)
1)22.5H.1 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5H.2 In addition to the operational limits shown in Table 22-4A, the additional operational limits in Table 22-4A1 apply to certain geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station antenna sizes in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-4A. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5H.3 The operational limits on the epfd↓ radiated by non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service shall be the values given in No. 22.5C.4 or Table 22-4A, whichever are the more stringent. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5H.4 For antenna diameters between the values given in this Table, the limits are given by linear interpolation using a linear scale for epfd↓ (dB) and a logarithmic scale for antenna diameter (m). (WRC-2000)
122.5H.1 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
222.5H.5 The operational limit applies to non-geostationary-satellite systems operating at altitudes of 7 000 km or above in order to protect geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service employing adaptive coding. (WRC-2000)
22.5H.6 (SUP – WRC-19)
22.5J 7) In case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to non-geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are not subject to the limits given in Table 22-2. (WRC-2000)
22.5K 8) Administrations operating or planning to operate non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Tables 22-1A to 22-1D of No. 22.5C will apply the provisions of Resolution 76 (Rev.WRC-15) to ensure that the actual aggregate interference into geostationary fixed-satellite service and geostationary broadcasting- satellite service networks caused by such systems operating co-frequency in these frequency bands does not exceed the aggregate power levels shown in Tables 1A to 1D of Resolution 76 (Rev.WRC-15) In the event that an administration operating a geostationary-satellite network in conformity with the Radio Regulations identifies equivalent power flux-density levels from non- geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service which may be in excess of the aggregate limits contained in Tables 1A to 1D of Resolution 76 (Rev.WRC-15), the administrations responsible for the non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service will apply the provisions contained in resolves 2 of Resolution 76 (Rev.WRC-15). (WRC-19)
22.5L 9) A non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands 37.5-39.5 GHz (space-to-Earth), 39.5-42.5 GHz (space-to-Earth), 47.2-50.2 GHz (Earth-to-space) and 50.4-51.4 GHz (Earth-to-space) shall not exceed:
– a single-entry increase of 3% of the time allowance for the C/N value associated with the shortest percentage of time specified in the short-term performance objective of the generic138)22.5L.1 Generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference links are comprised of parametric link budget parameters and are used for the purpose of determining the compliance of a non-geostationary-satellite system with respect to No. 22.5L. The generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference link parameters are found in Table 1 of Annex 1 to Resolution 770 (WRC-19).The procedures and methodologies specified in Resolution 770 (WRC-19) shall be used for the calculations. The equivalent power flux-density levels from the non-geostationary-satellite FSS system should be derived using the most recent version of Recommendation ITU-R S.1503. (WRC-19) geostationary-satellite orbit reference links; and
– a single-entry permissible allowance of at most 3% reduction in time-weighted average spectral efficiency calculated on an annual basis for the generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference links using adaptive coding and modulation. (WRC-19)
22.5M 10) Administrations operating or planning to operate non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands 37.5-39.5 GHz (space-to-Earth), 39.5-42.5 GHz (space-to-Earth), 47.2-50.2 GHz (Earth-to-space) and 50.4-51.4 GHz (Earth-to-space) shall ensure that the aggregate interference to geostationary-satellite FSS, MSS, and BSS networks caused by all non-geostationary-satellite FSS systems operating in these frequency bands does not exceed:
– an increase of 10% of the time allowance for the C/N value associated with the shortest percentage of time specified in the short-term performance objective of the generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference links; and
– a reduction of at most 8% in a calculated annual time-weighted average spectral efficiency for the generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference links using adaptive coding and modulation, taking into account that the methodology ensures that the degradation of time-weighted average spectral efficiency on each link is lower than the maximum permissible reduction,
for each generic geostationary-satellite orbit reference link in Annex 1 to Resolution 770 (WRC-19); and:
– an increase of 10% of the time allowance for the C/N values associated with the short-term performance objectives of the supplemental geostationary-satellite orbit links; and
– a reduction of at most 8% in a calculated annual time-weighted average spectral efficiency for the supplemental geostationary-satellite orbit links associated with notified and brought into use frequency assignments using adaptive coding and modulation, taking into account that the methodology ensures that the degradation of time-weighted average spectral efficiency on each link is lower than the maximum permissible reduction.
Resolution 769 (WRC-19) shall also apply. (WRC-19)
22.6 § 6 1) Space stations on board geostationary satellites which use any frequency band allocated to the fixed-satellite service or the broadcasting-satellite service140)22.6.1 Space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service on geostationary satellites operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are exempted from these provisions but shall maintain their positions in accordance with Appendix 30.:
22.7a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±0.1° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.8b) shall maintain their positions within ±0.1° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.9c) experimental stations on board geostationary satellites need not comply with No. 22.7 nor No. 22.8, but shall maintain their positions within ±0.5° of longitude of their nominal positions;
22.10d) however, space stations need not comply with No. 22.8 nor No. 22.9 as appropriate as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in Nos. 22.8 and 22.9.
22.11 2) Space stations on board geostationary satellites which do not use any frequency band allocated to the fixed-satellite service or the broadcasting-satellite service:
22.12a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±0.5° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.13b) shall maintain their positions within ±0.5° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.14c) need not comply with No. 22.13 as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in No. 22.13.
22.15 3) Space stations141)22.15.1 Space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service on geostationary satellites operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are exempted from these provisions but shall maintain their positions in accordance with Appendix 30. on board geostationary satellites which are put into service prior to 1 January 1987, with the advance publication information for the network having been published before 1 January 1982, are exempted from the provisions of Nos. 22.6 to 22.14 inclusive; however they
22.16a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±1° of the longitude of their nominal positions, but efforts should be made to achieve a capability of maintaining their positions at least within ±0.5° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.17b) shall maintain their positions within ±1° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.18c) need not comply with No. 22.17 as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in No. 22.17.
22.19 § 7 1) The pointing direction of maximum radiation of any earthward beam of antennas on geostationary satellites142)22.19.1 Transmitting antennas of space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are not subject to these provisions but shall maintain their pointing accuracy in accordance with § 3.14.1 of Annex 5 to Appendix 30. shall be capable of being maintained within:
a) 10 % of the half-power beamwidth relative to the nominal pointing direction, or
b) 0.3° relative to the nominal pointing direction, whichever is greater. This position applies only when such a beam is intended for less than global coverage.
22.20 2) In the event that the beam is not rotationally symmetrical about the axis of maximum radiation, the tolerance in any plane containing this axis shall be related to the half power beamwidth in that plane.
22.21 3) This accuracy shall be maintained only if it is required to avoid unacceptable interference to other systems.
22.22 § 8 1) In the shielded zone of the Moon143)22.22.1 The shielded zone of the Moon comprises the area of the Moon’s surface and an adjacent volume of space which are shielded from emissions originating within a distance of 100 000 km from the centre of the Earth. emissions causing harmful interference to radio astronomy observations144)22.22.2 The level of harmful interference is determined by agreement between the administrations concerned, with the guidance of the relevant ITU-R Recommendations. and to other users of passive services shall be prohibited in the entire frequency spectrum except in the following bands:
22.23a) the frequency bands allocated to the space research service using active sensors;
22.24b) the frequency bands allocated to the space operation service, the Earth exploration-satellite service using active sensors, and the radiolocation service using stations on spaceborne platforms, which are required for the support of space research, as well as for radiocommunications and space research transmissions within the lunar shielded zone.
22.25 2) In frequency bands in which emissions are not prohibited by Nos. 22.22 to 22.24, radio astronomy observations and passive space research in the shielded zone of the Moon may be protected from harmful interference by agreement between administrations concerned.
22.26 § 9 The level of equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) emitted by an earth station of a geostationary-satellite network shall not exceed the following values for any off-axis angle χπ which is 3° or more off the main-lobe axis of an earth station antenna:
22.27 For frequency-modulated television emissions with energy dispersal, the limits in No. 22.26 above may be exceeded by up to 3 dB, provided that the off-axis total e.i.r.p. of the transmitted frequency-modulated television carrier does not exceed the following values:
22.28 Frequency-modulated television carriers which operate without energy dispersal should be modulated at all times with programme material or appropriate test patterns. In this case, the off-axis total e.i.r.p. of the emitted frequency-modulated television carrier shall not exceed the following values:
22.29 The e.i.r.p. limits given in Nos. 22.26, 22.27 and 22.28 are applicable in the following frequency bands allocated to the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space):
12.75-13.25 GHz
13.75-14 GHz
14-14.5 GHz. (WRC-97)
22.30 The e.i.r.p. limits given in Nos. 22.26, 22.27, 22.28 and 22.32 do not apply to earth station antennas in service or ready to be in service147)22.30.1 “Ready to be in service” relates to the case where antennas have been installed but the start of service has been delayed due to force majeure. (WRC-2000) prior to 2 June 2000, nor to earth stations associated with a satellite network in the fixed-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information has been received before 2 June 2000. (WRC-2000)
22.31 Telecommand and ranging148)22.31.1 Measurement of the distance to the satellite. (WRC-2000) carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service in normal mode of operation (i.e. earth station transmitting telecommand and ranging carriers to a directional receiving antenna on the space station) may exceed the levels given in No. 22.26 by no more than 16 dB in the frequency bands 12.75-13.25 GHz and 13.75-14.5 GHz. In all other modes of operation, and in case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are exempted from the levels given in No. 22.26. (WRC-2000)
22.32 § 10 The level of equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) density emitted by an earth station in a geostationary-satellite network in the 29.5-30 GHz frequency band shall not exceed the following values for any off-axis angle φ which is 3° or more off the main-lobe axis of an earth station antenna:
22.33 Not used. (WRC-2000)
22.34 Telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service in normal mode of operation (i.e. earth station transmitting telecommand and ranging carriers to a directional receiving antenna on the space station) may exceed the levels given in No. 22.32 by no more than 10 dB in the frequency band 29.5-30 GHz. In all other modes of operation, and in case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are exempted from the levels given in No. 22.32. (WRC-2000)
22.35 For geostationary-satellite systems in which the earth stations are expected to transmit simultaneously in the same 40 kHz band, e.g. for geostationary-satellite systems employing code-division multiple access, the maximum e.i.r.p. values given in No. 22.32 should be decreased by 10 log(N) dB, where N is the number of earth stations which are in the receive satellite beam of the satellite with which these earth stations are communicating and which are expected to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency. (WRC-2000)
22.36 Earth stations operating in the frequency band 29.5-30 GHz should be designed in such a manner that 90% of their peak off-axis e.i.r.p. density levels do not exceed the values given in No. 22.32. Further study is needed to determine the off-axis angular range over which these exceedences would be permitted, taking into account the interference level into adjacent satellites. The statistical processing of the off-axis e.i.r.p. density peaks should be carried out using the method given in the most recent version of Recommendation ITU-R S.732. (WRC-07)
22.37 The limits given in Nos. 22.26 to 22.28 and 22.32 apply under clear-sky conditions. During rain-fade conditions, the limits may be exceeded by earth stations when using uplink power control. (WRC-2000)
22.38 Earth stations in the fixed-satellite service operating in the 29.5-30 GHz band, which have lower elevation angles to the geostationary-satellite orbit, will require higher e.i.r.p. levels relative to the same terminals at higher elevation angles to achieve the same power flux-densities at the geostationary-satellite orbit, due to the combined effect of increased distance and atmospheric absorption. Earth stations with low elevation angles may exceed the levels given in No. 22.32 by the following amounts:
22.39 The values in No. 22.32 applicable to the off-axis angle range from 48° to 180° are intended to account for spillover effects. (WRC-2000)
22.40 Under assumed free-space propagation conditions, the power flux-density emitted by an earth station of a geostationary-satellite network not for feeder links for the broadcasting- satellite service in the frequency bands 14.5-14.75 GHz in countries listed in Resolution 163 (WRC-15) and 14.50-14.8 GHz in countries listed in Resolution 164 (WRC-15) shall not exceed the value of −76 dB(W/(m2 • 27 MHz)) at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-15)