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The Contracting Parties, as appropriate to their needs, shall initiate and co-operate in the conduct of research into and/or development of:
(a) existing and proposed technologies for reducing emissions of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants, including technical and economic feasibility, and environmental consequences;
(b) instrumentation and other techniques for monitoring and measuring emission rates and ambient concentrations of air pollutants;
(c) improved models for a better understanding of the transmission of long-range transboundary air pollutants;
(d) the effects of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants on human health and the environment, including agriculture, forestry, materials, aquatic and other natural ecosystems and visibility, with a view to establishing a scientific basis for dose/effect relationships designed to protect the environment;
(e) the economic, social and environmental assessment of alternative measures for attaining environmental objectives including the reduction of long-range transboundary air pollution;
(f) education and training programmes related to the environmental aspects of pollution by sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants.