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1. Each Party shall, as necessary and on the basis of sound scientific and economic criteria, in order to facilitate the implementation of its obligations under article 3:
a) Adopt supporting strategies, policies and programmes without undue delay after the present Protocol enters into force for it;
b) Apply measures to control and reduce its emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter;
c) Apply measures to encourage the increase of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy;
d) Apply measures to decrease the use of polluting fuels;
e) Develop and introduce less polluting transport systems and promote traffic management systems to reduce overall emissions from road traffic;
f) Apply measures to encourage the development and introduction of low-polluting processes and products, taking into account guidance adopted by the Executive Body;
g) Encourage the implementation of management programmes to reduce emissions, including voluntary programmes, and the use of economic instruments, taking into account guidance adopted by the Executive Body;
h) Implement and further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as the progressive reduction or phasing-out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all sectors that emit sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter which run counter to the objective of the Protocol, and apply market instruments; and
i) Apply measures, where cost-effective, to reduce emissions from waste products containing volatile organic compounds.
2. Each Party shall collect and maintain information on:
a) Ambient concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds;
b) Ambient concentrations of ozone, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter; and
c) If practicable, estimates of exposure to ground-level ozone and particulate matter.
Each Party shall, if practicable, also collect and maintain information on the effects of all of these pollutants on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, materials and the climate. Parties within the geographic scope of EMEP should use guidelines adopted by the Executive Body. Parties outside the geographic scope of EMEP should use as guidance the methodologies developed through the workplan of the Executive Body.
2 bis. Each Party should, to the extent it considers appropriate, also develop and maintain inventories and projections for emissions of black carbon, using guidelines adopted by the Executive Body.
3. Any Party may take more stringent measures than those required by the present Protocol.